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Battle of Gela (1943)
The amphibious Battle of Gela was the opening engagement of the United States portion of the Allied Invasion of Sicily. United States Navy ships landed United States Army troops along the eastern end of the south coast of Sicily; and withstood attacks by Luftwaffe and Regia Aeronautica aircraft while defending the beachhead against German and Italian tanks until the Army captured the Ponte Olivo Airfield for use by United States Army Air Forces planes.
==Background==
The invasion of Sicily followed the Allied capture of Tunisia in north Africa and preceded the Allied invasion of Italy as a means of diverting Axis forces from the eastern front with the Soviet Union until the Western Allies were prepared to invade occupied Europe through France. Ground forces under overall command of General Dwight D. Eisenhower were transported by naval forces under overall command of Admiral Andrew Cunningham.〔LaMonte & Lewis (1993) pp.2-7〕 The invasion was constrained by marginally effective air cover from 670 Allied fighters operating at maximum range which limited patrolling time over one hundred miles of invasion beaches and prevented proportional response to incoming raids. There were three wings (twenty squadrons) of Supermarine Spitfires operating from airfields on Malta and two groups of Curtiss P-40 Warhawks from airfields on Pantelleria and Gozo.〔Garland & Smyth, p.107〕 Allied air forces refused to provide air support for Allied ground forces until Axis air forces had been neutralized; and, since Axis bombing continued through 12 July, the role of Allied aircraft was negligible in the fighting at Gela.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Operation Husky: The Allied Invasion of Sicily, 1943 )〕 Pre-invasion strategic bombing reduced Luftflotte 2 strength to 175 planes in Sicily,〔de Ste. Croix pp.84-85〕 but 418 additional ''Luftwaffe'' and 449 ''Regia Aeronautica'' aircraft remained serviceable at bases in Italy to be flown in as required.〔Greene & Massignani (1998) pp.288&289〕
Allied ground forces had no idea when, where, in what numbers, or under what circumstances they might see Allied aircraft.〔 Unlike the earlier invasion of North Africa and later invasion of Italy, the United States invasion fleet included no aircraft carriers.〔 Carriers which had supported the American landings during Operation Torch had been reassigned without replacement. The escort carrier was defending UG convoys from U-boats〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Santee )〕 while the other three Sangamon class escort carriers had been transferred to the Pacific to support the Guadalcanal campaign〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships )〕 and the fleet carrier was training new pilots on the United States Atlantic coast.〔Cressman (2003) p.322〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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